📰 前沿資訊/免疫前沿

免疫治療相關不良反應的識別與管理策略

Identification and Management Strategies for Immune-Related Adverse Events

📅 2026-06-10📌 來源:Cancer Link 癌研連線 編輯部
醫生與病人一起查看症狀追蹤日誌,明亮的診間自然光

在我診間裡,有位正在接受免疫治療的陳阿姨,她每次回診都會帶一個小本子。上面認真記錄著每天的身體狀況:今天拉了兩次肚子、膝蓋有點痛、手掌出了些小紅點……她的這個習慣,讓我能夠非常及時地幫她調整,治療一直很順利。

陳阿姨的做法,其實就是免疫治療副作用管理的核心秘訣——「早期發現,及時溝通」。

免疫治療的副作用,跟化療的副作用完全是兩回事。化療是「地毯式轟炸」,好細胞壞細胞一起受影響,所以你會在治療後一兩週內出現掉髮、噁心、白血球下降等反應。免疫治療則不同——它的副作用可能在你開始治療後好幾個月才出現,而且表現得千奇百怪,從皮膚癢、拉肚子、咳嗽,到甲狀腺功能異常都有可能。

為什麼會這樣?回到我們之前說過的比喻:免疫治療就像喚醒你體內的「園丁」(免疫細胞)。這些園丁本來應該只攻擊癌細胞,但偶爾會「搞錯對象」,不小心傷到正常的器官。可能是腸道、肺部、皮膚、肝臟,甚至是內分泌腺體。

但請不要因此恐慌。我想強調三件事:

第一,大部分免疫治療的副作用都是輕微的。最常見的只是皮疹和輕度腹瀉,塗塗藥膏、調整飲食就能緩解。真正嚴重的副作用——例如需要住院處理的免疫性肺炎或結腸炎——發生率其實很低,大約在5%到10%之間。

第二,這些副作用是可以管理的。關鍵是一有症狀就要「出聲」。我常跟病人說:「不要自己當醫生,不要自己去藥房買藥吃,也不要覺得忍一忍就過了。」有些症狀看起來很普通——比如咳嗽、腹瀉——但如果是免疫相關的,用一般方法處理反而可能耽誤時機。

第三,出現輕微副作用,有時候反而是「好消息」。有研究發現,出現輕度免疫相關副作用的患者,治療效果往往更好——因為這表示免疫系統確實被「叫醒」了。當然,這不意味著副作用越重越好,只是希望大家不要過度害怕那些輕微的身體反應。

我建議每位接受免疫治療的病人都學習陳阿姨的做法——準備一個小本子,每天簡單記錄:體溫、排便次數、有沒有新的皮疹或疼痛。不需要寫得很詳細,重點是養成觀察自己身體的習慣。你是最了解自己身體的人,任何「跟平常不一樣」的感覺,都值得告訴你的醫療團隊。

English Version

One of my patients, Mrs. Chen, brings a small notebook to every follow-up visit. She diligently records her daily symptoms — loose stools twice, mild knee pain, a small rash on her palm. This habit has allowed me to adjust her immunotherapy promptly, and her treatment has gone smoothly.

This practice embodies the core principle of managing immunotherapy side effects: early detection and timely communication.

Unlike chemotherapy's "carpet bombing" approach, immunotherapy side effects can appear months after starting treatment and manifest in diverse ways. When the immune system is "awakened," it may occasionally affect normal organs. But please don't panic.

Most side effects are mild — rash and mild diarrhea are the most common and can be managed with topical creams or dietary adjustments. Severe side effects occur in only about 5-10% of patients. The key is to speak up as soon as you notice anything unusual. Don't self-medicate or try to tough it out.

Interestingly, mild side effects can sometimes be a positive signal — studies suggest patients who experience them often have better treatment responses, as it indicates the immune system has indeed been activated.

My advice: keep a simple daily journal of your temperature, bowel movements, any new rashes or pain. You are the expert on your own body — any feeling that is "different from usual" is worth sharing with your medical team.

📚 參考文獻:

1. Postow MA, et al. Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Blockade. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:158-168. 2. Brahmer JR, et al. Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(36):4073-4126. 3. NCCN Guidelines: Management of Immunotherapy-Related Toxicities. Version 1.2026.

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